The Spinning Mule Invention by Samuel Crompton

The Spinning Mule Invention by Samuel Crompton A turning donkey is a gadget that is a fundamental piece of the material business. Concocted in the eighteenth centuryâ by Samual Crompton, the creative machine spun material strands into yarn utilizing an irregular procedure that changed the manner in which yarn was fabricated, making the procedure a lot quicker, simpler and progressively beneficial. The History of Spinning Fiber into Yarn In early civic establishments, yarn was spun utilizing straightforward handheld apparatuses: the distaff, which held the crude fiber material, (for example, fleece, hemp, or cotton) and the shaft, onto which the turned strands were wound. The turning wheel, a Middle-Eastern development whose sources can be followed back the extent that the eleventh century, was the initial move toward the automation of the material turning industry. The innovation is thought to have headed out from Iran to India and was in the long run acquainted with Europe. The main delineation of the gadget dates from around 1270. The expansion of a foot pedal has been credited to a laborer from the town of Brunswick, situated in the Saxony district of Germany in the year 1533. This permitted a spinner to control the wheel with one foot, leaving the hands free for turning. Another sixteenth century improvement was the flyer, which bent the yarn as it was being spun, accelerating the procedure significantly. Europeans, nonetheless, were by all account not the only ones to think of developments for turning materials. Water-fueled turning wheels were regular in China as ahead of schedule as the fourteenth century. Samuel Crompton Puts a New Spin on Spinning Samuel Crompton was conceived in 1753 in Lancashire, England. After his dad died, he helped bolster his family by turning yarn. Before sufficiently long, Crompton turned into very acquainted with the restrictions of the modern material innovation as of now being used. He started to consider ways he could improve the procedure to make it quicker and more efficient. Crompton upheld his innovative work filling in as a musician at the Bolton Theater for pennies a show, furrowing the entirety of his wages into his understanding his development. In 1779, Crompton was remunerated with a creation he called the turning donkey. The machine joined the moving carriage of the turning jenny with the rollers of a water outline. The name donkey was gotten from the way that like a donkey which is a combination of a pony and a jackass his creation was likewise a half breed. In the activity of a turning donkey, during the draw stroke, the meandering (a long, thin pack of checked strands) is gotten through and contorted; on the arrival, it is wrapped onto the shaft. When consummated, the turning donkey gave the spinner incredible authority over the weaving procedure, and a wide range of kinds of yarn could be delivered. In 1813, the donkey was updated with the expansion of a variable speed control concocted by William Horrocks. The donkey was a distinct advantage for the material business: It could turn string of a lot better measure, better quality, and at a higher volume than string spun by hand-and the better theâ thread, the higher the benefit in the commercial center. The fine strings spun on the donkey sold for in any event multiple times the cost of coarser strings. What's more, the donkey could hold various axles, which incredibly expanded yield. Patent Troubles Numerous eighteenth century innovators experienced trouble over their licenses and Crompton was no special case. In the over five years it took Compton to concoct and consummate his turning donkey, he neglected to get a patent. Seizing on the chance, renowned industrialist Richard Arkwrightâ took out his own patent on the turning donkey, despite the fact that he hadnt had anything to do with its creation.â Crompton recorded an objection in regards to his patent case with the British Commons Committee in 1812. The board of trustees presumed that the strategy for remuneration to a designer, as for the most part acknowledged in the eighteenth century, was that the machine, and so forth., ought to be made open and that a membership ought to be raised by those intrigued, as a prize to the innovator. Such a way of thinking may have been handy in the days when innovations required littleâ capitalâ to grow, be that as it may, it was firmly lacking once the industrialâ revolution got in progress and venture capital got urgent to the turn of events and creation of any significant specialized improvement. Lamentably for Crompton, British law lingered a long ways behind the new worldview of mechanical progress.â Crompton was in the long run ready to demonstrate the money related mischief hed endured by social event proof of the considerable number of manufacturing plants that depended on his development in excess of 4,000,000 turning donkeys were being used at the ideal opportunity for which hed got no remuneration. Parliament consented to a settlement of  £5,000 pounds. Crompton endeavored to start a new business with the assets he was at last granted however his endeavors were ineffective. He kicked the bucket in 1827.

Luminol Chemiluminescence Test for Blood

Luminol Chemiluminescence Test for Blood The luminol chemiluminescence response is answerable for the shine of lightsticks. The response is utilized by criminalists to recognize hints of blood at wrongdoing scenes. In this test, luminol powder (C8H7O3N3) is blended in with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and a hydroxide (e.g., KOH) in a splash bottle. The luminol arrangement is splashed where blood may be found. The iron from the hemoglobin in the blood fills in as an impetus for the chemiluminescence response that causes luminol to shine, so a blue sparkle is created when the arrangement is splashed where there is blood. Just a little measure of iron is required to catalyze the response. The blue gleam goes on for around 30 seconds before it blurs, which is sufficient opportunity to take photos of the regions so they can be examined all the more completely. Heres how you can distinguish blood yourself or show how to do it: Luminol Materials luminol stock arrangement (2 g luminol 15 g potassium hydroxide 250 mL water)3% hydrogen peroxide in water (regular over-the-counter concentration)potassium ferricyanide or a sterile blood lancet and sterile liquor cushion Playing out the Test or Demonstration In an unmistakable test cylinder or cup, blend 10 ml of the luminol arrangement and 10 ml of the peroxide solution.You can enact the gleam either by including ~0.1 g of potassium ferricyanide to the arrangement or with a drop of blood. The blood must be on the liquor cushion. The legal test is for dried or dormant blood, so the response between the liquor and new blood is essential. Notes About the Luminol Test Notwithstanding iron and iron mixes, different substances can catalyze the luminol response. Copper and its mixes, horseradish, and fade likewise cause the answer for shine. In this way, you could substitute any of these materials for the drop of blood or potassium ferricyanide in the exhibition. Additionally, the nearness of these synthetic concoctions at a wrongdoing scene influences testing for blood. On the off chance that a wrongdoing scene was washed in dye, for instance, the entire region would gleam when splashed with luminol, making it important to utilize an alternate test to discover hints of blood.If you are doing the response as a chemiluminescence exhibition, you can kick the showcase up a score by dissolving the potassium ferricyanide in the peroxide arrangement and utilizing a fractionating segment or glass winding to respond the arrangements instead of a test tube. You could pour a limited quantity of fluorescein in the base of a carafe, pour the potassium ferricyani de arrangement through the winding into the flagon, and (in an obscured room) wrap up by including the luminol arrangement. The winding will shine blue as it goes through the section, yet the gleam will change to brilliant green once the luminol contacts the fluorescein in the flagon. Dont drink the luminol arrangement. Dont get it on your skin or in your eyes. On the off chance that you set up a shower jug of luminol answer for check for hints of blood, remember the arrangement may be harming to certain surfaces. That is not a major factor at a wrongdoing scene, yet its something to remember at home or in class. Dont shower upholstery or attire or people.The amounts of synthetic compounds yield a super-splendid exhibit, yet youâ can utilize substantially less luminol (~50 mg) and still accomplish enough radiance for an exhibition or for wrongdoing work. How the Luminol Test Works The iron in the hemoglobin found in blood catalyzes an oxidation response where the luminol gains oxygen particles while losing nitrogen and hydrogen. This delivers a compound called 3-aminophthalate. The electrons in the 3-aminophthalate are in an energized state. Blue light is produced as vitality is discharged when the electrons come back to the ground state. Find out More The luminol test is just a single technique used to distinguish blood. The Kastle-Meyer test is a synthetic test used to distinguish amazingly little amounts of blood. In the event that you have extra potassium ferricyanide, you can utilize it to develop normally red gems. In spite of the fact that the substance name sounds alarming, with the cyanide word in it, its really a sheltered compound to utilize.

The Treatment of Investments in Intellectual Property at Apple Research Paper

The Treatment of Investments in Intellectual Property at Apple - Research Paper Example While these qualities have become the focal point of guideline of SFAS 2 and resulting gauges SFAS 68 and 86, the target assurance thereof stays slippery and vague, and accordingly open to administrative tact. The investigation likewise remarks on the distinctions in bookkeeping treatment among norms, for example, between the SFAS and the IAS, concerning R&D uses. In the past it has been discovered that guidelines considers enormous benefits of procured R&D for the acquirer, which have been fixed by as of late created norms encapsulated in SFAS 141 and 142. From distributed reports, Apple shows up considerably and officially agreeable with these guidelines; be that as it may, more prominent detail and data on explicit ventures inaccessible in the distributed reports would be required by a sitting and able body to evaluate whether these medicines are completely consistent with the letter and soul of SFAS. ... How near reality a firm surveys the estimation of its advantages relies on how dependably the bookkeeping treatment reflects the idea of the benefit. Unmistakable resources are effectively esteemed; immaterial ones are progressively questionable. Of every single immaterial resource an innovation company, the most significant †and generally hard to survey †is its licensed innovation, and the innovative work exertion that goes into building it. Research endeavors, when effective, establish the framework for the company’s salaries as long as possible, and in this way ought to be promoted; in any case, since a decent measure of R&D endeavors are not fruitful, there is additionally a likelihood that these expenses would have transient ramifications that doesn't legitimize devaluation into what's to come. This exploration paper will scan for answers to the inquiry: How does a high-innovation organization with its own exclusive innovative work treat its R&D uses tre at its innovative work costs in its monetary reports, given that innovative work endeavors could possibly bring about attractive items? The examination will concentrate on the strategy applied in Apple, Inc., the organization of decision as a result of their prominent, exceptionally effective new advancements in close to home specialized gadgets, for both equipment and programming. U.S. GAAP for Research and Development Expenditures The U.S. Sound accounting guidelines is the assortment of bookkeeping rules and norms as indicated by which fiscal reports for organizations in the U.S. are readied, especially traded on an open market and held organizations and non-benefit associations. The U.S. GAAP is typified in the

Object-oriented frameworks - Free Essay Example

Abstract. Object-oriented frameworks offer reuse at a high design level promising several benefits to the development of complex systems. This paper sought to 1) define the concepts of object oriented techniques in addition with the OO issues, development techniques and concepts of object oriented programming, it is also introduced the UML as an ordinary and key tool for object-oriented design, additionally 2) we look further into the frameworks from the perspective of object-oriented techniques. In this section, it is aimed to define a reasonable promise between object oriented technology and frameworks. At the end, some future horizons for object oriented technology and frameworks are presented. I. Introduction Computing power and network bandwidth have increased dramatically over the past decade. However, the design and implementation of complex software remains expensive and error-prone. Much of the cost and effort stems from the continuous re-discovery and re-invention of core concepts and components across the software industry. In particular, the growing heterogeneity of hardware architectures and diversity of operating system and communication platforms makes it hard to build correct, portable, efficient, and inexpensive applications from scratch. Object-oriented (OO) techniques and frameworks are promising technologies for reifying proven software designs and implementations in order to reduce the cost and improve the quality of software. A framework is a reusable, semi-complete application that can be specialized to produce custom applications [19]. In contrast to earlier OO reuse techniques based on class libraries, frameworks are targeted for particular business units (such as dat a processing or cellular communications[1]) and application domains (such as user interfaces or real-time avionics). Frameworks like MacApp, ET++, Interviews, ACE, Microsofts MFC and DCOM, JavaSofts RMI, and implementations of OMGs CORBA play an increasingly important role in contemporary software development. II. Object oriented concepts and techniques History The concept of objects and instances in computing had its first major breakthrough with the PDP-1 system at MIT which was probably the earliest example of capability based architecture. Another early example was Sketchpad created by Ivan Sutherland in 1963; however, this was an application and not a programming paradigm. Objects as programming entities were introduced in the 1960s in Simula 67, a programming language designed for performing simulations, created by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard of the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo. (They were working on ship simulations, and were confounded by the combinatorial explosion of how the different attributes from different ships could affect one another. The idea occurred to them of grouping the different types of ships into different classes of objects; each class of objects being responsible for defining its own data and behavior.) Such an approach was a simple extrapolation of concepts earlier used in analog programming. On an alog computers, mapping from real-world phenomena/objects to analog phenomena/objects (and conversely), was (and is) called simulation. Simula not only introduced the notion of classes, but also of instances of classes, which is probably the first explicit use of those notions. The ideas of Simula 67 influenced many later languages, especially Smalltalk and derivatives of Lisp and Pascal. The Smalltalk language, which was developed at Xerox PARC[2] (by Alan Kay and others) in the 1970s, introduced the term object-oriented programming to represent the pervasive use of objects and messages as the basis for computation. Smalltalk creators were influenced by the ideas introduced in Simula 67, but Smalltalk was designed to be a fully dynamic system in which classes could be created and modified dynamically rather than statically as in Simula 67. Smalltalk and with it OOP were introduced to a wider audience by the August 1981 issue of Byte magazine. In the 1970s, Kays Smalltalk work had influenced the Lisp community to incorporate object-based techniques which were introduced to developers via the Lisp machine. Experimentation with various extensions to Lisp (like LOOPS and Flavors introducing multiple inheritance and mixins), eventually led to the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS, a part of the first standardized object-oriented programming language, ANSI Common Lisp), which integrates functional programming and object-oriented programming and allows extension via a Meta-object protocol. In the 1980s, there were a few attempts to design processor architectures which included hardware support for objects in memory but these were not successful. Examples include the Intel iAPX 432 and the Linn Smart Rekursiv. Object-oriented programming developed as the dominant programming methodology during the mid-1990s, largely due to the influence of Visual FoxPro 3.0 or possibly C++. Its dominance was further enhanced by the rising popularity of graphical user interfaces, for which object-oriented programming seems to be well-suited. An example of a closely related dynamic GUI library and OOP language can be found in the Cocoa frameworks on Mac OS X, written in Objective-C, an object-oriented, dynamic messaging extension to C based on Smalltalk. OOP toolkits also enhanced the popularity of event-driven programming (although this concept is not limited to OOP). Some feel that association with GUIs (real or perceived) was what propelled OOP into the programming mainstream. At ETH ZÃÆ'Â ¼rich, Niklaus Wirth and his colleagues had also been investigating such topics as data abstraction and modular programming (although this had been in common use in the 1960s or earlier). Modula-2 (1978) included both, and their succeeding design, Oberon, included a distinctive approach to object orientation, classes, and such. The approach is unlike Smalltalk, and very unlike C++. Object-oriented features have been added to many existing languages during that time, including Ada, BASIC, Fortran, Pascal, and others. Adding these features to languages that were not initially designed for them often led to problems with compatibility and maintainability of code. More recently, a number of languages have emerged that are primarily object-oriented yet compatible with procedural methodology, such as Python and Ruby. Probably the most commercially important recent object-oriented languages are Visual Basic.NET (VB.NET) and C#, both designed for Microsofts .NET platform, and Java, developed by Sun Microsystems. VB.NET and C# both support cross-language inheritance, allowing classes defined in one language to subclass classes defined in the other language. Just as procedural programming led to refinements of techniques such as structured programming, modern object-oriented software design methods include refinements such as the use of design patterns, design by contract, and modeling languages (such as UML). The term OOPS, which refers to an object-oriented programming system, was common in early development of object-oriented programming. III. Fundamental concepts and features Class Defines the abstract characteristics of a thing (object), including the things characteristics (its attributes, fields or properties) and the things behaviors (the things it can do, or methods, operations or features). One might say that a class is a blueprint or factory that describes the nature of something. For example, the class Dog would consist of traits shared by all dogs, such as breed and fur color (characteristics), and the ability to bark and sit (behaviors). Classes provide modularity and structure in an object-oriented computer program. A class should typically be recognizable to a non-programmer familiar with the problem domain, meaning that the characteristics of the class should make sense in context. Also, the code for a class should be relatively self-contained (generally using encapsulation). Collectively, the properties and methods defined by a class are called members. Object A pattern (exemplar) of a class. The class Dog defines all possible dogs by listing the characteristics and behaviors they can have; the object Lassie is one particular dog, with particular versions of the characteristics. A Dog has fur; Lassie has brown-and-white fur. Instance One can have an instance of a class; the instance is the actual object created at runtime. In programmer jargon, the Lassie object is an instance of the Dog class. The set of values of the attributes of a particular object is called its state. The object consists of state and the behavior thats defined in the objects class. More on Classes, Metaclasses, Parameterized Classes, and Exemplars There are two broad categories of objects: classes and instances. Users of object-oriented technology usually think of classes as containing the information necessary to create instances, i.e., the structure and capabilities of an instance is determined by its corresponding class. There are three commonly used (and different) views on the definition for class: A class is a pattern, template, or blueprint for a category of structurally identical items. The items created using the class are called instances. This is often referred to as the class as a `cookie cutter' view. As you might guess, the instances are the cookies. A class is a thing that consists of both a pattern and a mechanism for creating items based on that pattern. This is the class as an `instance factory' view; instances are the individual items that are manufactured (created) using the classs creation mechanism. A class is the set of all items created using a specific pattern. Said another way, the class is the set of all instances of that pattern. We should note that it is possible for an instance of a class to also be a class. A metaclass is a class whose instances themselves are classes. This means when we use the instance creation mechanism in a metaclass, the instance created will itself be a class. The instance creation mechanism of this class can, in turn, be used to create instances although these instances may or may not themselves be classes. A concept very similar to the metaclass is the parameterized class. A parameterized class is a template for a class wherein specific items have been identified as being required to create non-parameterized classes based on the template. In effect, a parameterized class can be viewed as a fill in the blanks version of a class. One cannot directly use the instance creation mechanism of a parameterized class. First, we must supply the required parameters, resulting in the creation of a non-parameterized class. Once we have a non-parameterized class, we can use its creation mechanisms to create instances. In this paper, we will use the term class to mean metaclass, parameterized class, or a class that is neither a metaclass nor a parameterized class. We will make a distinction only when it is necessary to do so. Further, we will occasionally refer to non-class instances. A non-class instance is an instance of a class, but is itself not a class. An instance of a metaclass, for example, would not be a non-class instance. In this paper, we will sometimes refer to instantiation. Instantiation has two common meanings: as a verb, instantiation is the process of creating an instance of a class, and as a noun, an instantiation is an instance of a class. Some people restrict the use of the term object to instances of classes. For these people, classes are not objects. However, when these people are confronted with the concepts of metaclasses and parameterized classes, they have a difficulty attempting to resolve the problems these concepts introduce. For example, is a class that is an instance of a metaclass an object even though it is itself a class? In this paper, we will use the term object to refer to both classes and their instances. We will only distinguish between the two when needed. Black Boxes and Interfaces Objects are black boxes. Specifically, the underlying implementations of objects are hidden from those that use the object. In object-oriented systems, it is only the producer (creator, designer, or builder) of an object that knows the details about the internal construction of that object. The consumers (users) of an object are denied knowledge of the inner workings of the object, and must deal with an object via one of its three distinct interfaces: The public interface. This is the interface that is open (visible) to everybody. The inheritance interface. This is the interface that is accessible only by direct specializations of the object. (We will discuss inheritance and specialization later in this chapter.) In class-based object-oriented systems, only classes can provide an inheritance interface. The parameter interface. In the case of parameterized classes, the parameter interface defines the parameters that must be supplied to create an instance of the parameterized class. Another way of saying that an item is in the public interface of an object is to say that the object exports that item. Similarly, when an object requires information from outside of itself (e.g., as with the parameters in a parameterized class), we can say that the object needs to import that information. Aggregation It is, of course, possible for objects to be composed of other objects. Aggregation is either: The process of creating a new object from two or more other objects, or An object that is composed of two or more other objects. For example, a date object could be fashioned from a month object, a day object, and a year object. A list of names object, for example, can be thought of as containing many name objects. A monolithic object is an object that has no externally-discernible structure. Said another way, a monolithic object does not appear to have been constructed from two or more other objects. Specifically, a monolithic object can only be treated as a cohesive whole. Those outside of a monolithic object cannot directly interact with any (real or imagined) objects within the monolithic object. A radio button in a graphical user interface (GUI) is an example of a monolithic object. Composite objects are objects that have an externally-discernible structure, and the structure can be addressed via the public interface of the composite object. The objects that comprise a composite object are referred to as component objects. Composite objects meet one or both of the following criteria: The state of a composite object is directly affected by the presence or absence of one or more of its component objects, and/or The component objects can be directly referenced via the public interface of their corresponding composite object. It is useful to divide composite objects into two subcategories: heterogeneous composite objects and homogeneous composite objects: A heterogeneous composite object is a composite object that is conceptually composed of component objects that are not all conceptually the same. For example, a date (made up of a month object, a day object, and a year object) is a heterogeneous composite object. A homogeneous composite object is a composite object that is conceptually composed of component objects that are all conceptually the same. For example, a list of addresses is a homogeneous composite object. The rules for designing heterogeneous composite objects are different from the rules for designing homogeneous composite objects. Specialization and Inheritance Aggregation is not the only way in which two objects can be related. One object can be a specialization of another object. Specialization is either: The process of defining a new object based on a (typically) more narrow definition of an existing object, or An object that is directly related to, and more narrowly defined than, another object. Specialization is usually associated with classes. It is usually only in the so-called classless object-oriented systems that we think of specialization for objects other than classes. Depending on their technical background, there are a number of different ways in which people express specialization. For example, those who are familiar with an object-oriented programming language called Smalltalk refer to specializations as subclasses and to the corresponding generalizations of these specializations as superclasses. Those with a background in the C++ programming language use the term derived class for specialization and base class for corresponding generalizations. It is common to say that everything that is true for a generalization is also true for its corresponding specialization. We can, for example, define checking accounts and savings accounts as specializations of bank accounts. Another way of saying this is that a checking account is a kind of bank account, and a savings account is a kind of bank account. Still another way of expressing this idea is to say that everything that was true for the bank account is also true for the savings account and the checking account. In an object-oriented context, we speak of specializations as inheriting characteristics from their corresponding generalizations. Inheritance can be defined as the process whereby one object acquires (gets, receives) characteristics from one or more other objects. Some object-oriented systems permit only single inheritance, a situation in which a specialization may only acquire characteristics from a single generalization. Many object-oriented systems, however, allow for multiple inheritance, a situation in which a specialization may acquire characteristics from two or more corresponding generalizations. Our previous discussion of the bank account, checking account, and savings account was an example of single inheritance. A telescope and a television set are both specializations of device that enables one to see things far away. A television set is also a kind of electronic device. You might say that a television set acquires characteristics from two different generalizations, device that enables one to see things far away and electronic device. Therefore, a television set is a product of multiple inheritance. Abstract Classes We usually think of classes as being complete definitions. However, there are situations where incomplete definitions are useful, and classes that represent these incomplete definitions are equally useful. For example, in everyday conversation, we might talk about such items as bank accounts, insurance policies, and houses. In object-oriented thinking, we often isolate useful, but incomplete, concepts such as these into their own special classes. Abstract classes are classes that embody coherent and cohesive, but incomplete, concepts, and in turn, make these characteristics available to their specializations via inheritance. People sometimes use the terms partial type and abstract superclass as synonyms for abstract class. While we would never create instances of abstract classes, we most certainly would make their individual characteristics available to more specialized classes via inheritance. For example, consider the concept of an automobile. On one hand, most people know what an automobile is. On the other hand, automobile is not a complete definition for any vehicle. It would be quite accurate to describe automobile as the set of characteristics that make a thing an automobile, in other words, the essence of automobile-ness. Operations The public interface of an object typically contains three different categories of items: operations (sometimes referred to as method selectors, method interfaces, messages, or methods), constants, and exceptions. An operation in the public interface of an object advertises a functional capability of that object. For example, deposit would be an operation in the public interface of a bank account object, what is current temperature would be an operation in the public interface of a temperature sensor object, and increment would be an operation in the public interface of a counter object. The actual algorithm for accomplishing an operation is referred to as a method. Unlike operations, methods are not in the public interface for an object. Rather, methods are hidden on the inside of an object. So, while users of bank account objects would know that they could make a deposit into a bank account, they would be unaware of the details as to how that deposit actually got credited to the bank account. We refer to the operations in the public interface of an object as suffered operations. Suffered operations are operations that meet two criteria: they are things that happen to an object, and they are in the public interface of that object. For example, we can say that a bank account suffers the operation of having a deposit made into it. The bank account can also suffer the operation of being queried as to its current balance. Some people also refer to suffered operations as exported operations. There are three broad categories of suffered operations, i.e.: A selector is an operation that tells us something about the state of an object, but cannot, by definition, change the state of the object. An operation that tells us the current balance of a bank account is an example of a selector operation. A constructor is an operation that has the ability to change the state of an object. For example, an operation in the public interface to a mailbox object that added a message to the mailbox would be a constructor operation. (Please note that some people restrict the definition of the term constructor to those operations that cause instances of a class to come into existence.) In the context of a homogeneous composite object, an iterator is an operation that allows its users to visit (access) each of the component objects that make up the homogeneous composite object. If we have a list of addresses, for example, and we wish to print the entire list, an iterator would allow us to visit each address object within the list and then, in turn, to print each address. Iterators can be further divided into two broad categories: active (open) iterators and passive (closed) iterators. Active iterators are objects in their own right. Passive iterators are implemented as operations in the interface of the object over which they allow iteration. Passive iterators are further broken down into selective iterators and constructive iterators. Passive selective iterators do not allow their users to change the object over which the iteration takes place. Passive constructive iterators do allow users to change the object over which iteration takes place. We can also describe suffered operations as primitive or composite. A primitive operation is an operation that cannot be accomplished simply, efficiently, and reliably without direct knowledge of the underlying (hidden) implementation of the object. As an example, we could argue that an operation that added an item to a list object, or an operation that deleted an item from a list object were primitive operations with respect to the list object. Suppose that we wanted to create a swap operation, an operation that would swap in a new item in a list, while at the same time swapping out an old item in the same list. This is not a primitive operation since we can accomplish this with a simple combination of the delete operation (deleting the old item) followed by the add operation (adding the new item). The swap operation is an example of a composite operation. A composite operation is any operation that is composed, or can be composed, of two or more primitive operations. Sometimes objects need help in maintaining their characteristics. Suppose, for example, that we wanted to create a generic ordered list object. An ordered list is a list that must order its contents from the smallest to the largest. Specifically, every time we add an item to our ordered list, that item would have to be placed in its proper position with respect to all the other items already in the list. By generic, we mean a template that can be instantiated with the category (class) of items we wish to place in the ordered list. It would not be unreasonable to implement this object as a parameterized class. Obviously, one of the parameters would be the category of items (e.g., class) that we desired to place in the list. For example, could instantiate (make an instance) the generic ordered list with a name class resulting in the creation of an ordered list of names class. There is a problem, however. Given that we could instantiate the generic ordered list with just about any category of items, how can we be sure that the ordered lists will know how to properly maintain order no matter what we use to instantiate the generic ordered list? Suppose, for example, that we wanted an ordered list of fazoomas. How could the generic list class tell if one fazooma was greater than or less than another fazooma? A solution would be for the generic ordered list to require a second parameter, a parameter over and above the category of items (class) that we desired to place in the list. This second parameter would be a

The United States Of America - 1551 Words

The United States of America: the place that praises the â€Å" American Dream† that countless people try following but never really succeed in accomplishing because of systemic racism. It’s easy to tell people to pull themselves up by their bootstraps, but what if they don’t even have bootstraps to begin with? The American Dream is a sugar coated lie. After hundreds of years of colonization, mass genocide, racism, white supremacy†¦ It is deceptive to tell minorities that they can be as successful as their white counterparts when the system they live in favors white men. The United States lives in a tight hypocritical bubble that denies their real raw history and white washes it as much as possible. The early colonizers of the U.S are idolized even though they committed horrendous crimes against humanity. The British immigrants are glorified for their bravery in coming here while recently the immigration of brown people, especially Mexican people, is a huge issue in this country even though, for a multitude of them, their only â€Å"crime† is crossing a border. These two groups of immigrants both want that American Dream the only difference is that the first group was cruel yet praised because of their whiteness and the second is criminalized and oppressed because of their browness. Although there have been efforts made towards prevent discrimination, countless things haven’t changed because of the fact that this is still a white man s world that constantly oppresses people of colorShow MoreRelatedThe United States Of America1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States of America is well known throughout the world for tis democracy ant the freedoms of its citizens. 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The Use Of Zebrafish With Spinal Injuries - 1430 Words

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Matt Haines Essay Example For Students

Matt Haines Essay To Kill a Mockingbird 5 chunk essayEnglish 10 Mr. Steele 9.25.03The novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is a book about twochildren, Jem and Scout, growing up in the south during the greatdepression. During the course of the story, they meet many people. Jemand Scout develop perceptions about the people they meet, some of which aretrue, and some of which turn out later not to be true. Some of the peoplethey are wrong about include Boo Radley, Mrs. Dubose, and Atticus. At the beginning of the story, Boo is introduced as someone thatScout is afraid of. Jem and Dill get very curious about him because theynever see him, and so they start getting closer and closer to the house. Atticus tells Jem to stop terrorizing Boo, but he and Dill keep on playingthe games. Jem ends up almost getting shot by Arthur Radley because He andDill go to the Radley house at night. As Jem is running away from thehouse, he gets his pants caught on the fence. He runs away without thembecause he is scared of being shot. He goes back later to get them, andthey are folded over the fence, as if someone knew he was coming back. This is one of the first times that you can see that Boo may not be themonster he is made out to be. Another time is when they find the trinketsin the tree. At first they dont know it is Boo but they finally realizethat he is the only person that could be doing it. The final event thatmakes Scout understand Boo is when he saves her life, and then after shewalks him home and while she is standing on his porch, she sees her andJems life through Boos eyes. She realizes that he feels very close tothem because they are the only people he sees most of the time, and that heis not a monster at all. Mrs. Dubose is another person that is not what she seems to be atfirst. Jem and Scout think that Mrs. Dubose is just a mean old lady thatsits on her porch all the time. When they pass her house every day, sheyells insults at them. Because of this, Jem and Scout think of her as amean old lady who likes to insult them. One day, Mrs. Dubose calls Atticusa nigger-lover and Jem gets really mad about it, and cuts down Mrs. Duboses flowers. As a punishment, he has to read to Mrs. Dubose every dayfor a month. Scout and Jem find it disgusting to have to be near her. Afew days after Jem finishes his punishment, Mrs. Dubose dies. Atticus andScout are not particularly sorry for her, but Atticus tells them the realstory of Mrs. Dubose. He tells then that she is addicted to morphine, butinstead of giving in and taking it, she refuses to take it and it makes hervery sick. That is the reason that she is so mean. Atticus also tellsthem that even if Jem had not destroyed the flowers, he would have madethem read to her, because even though he disagrees with Mrs. Dubosesopinions on some issues, he knows that her resistance to the drug is anexample of real courage. Atticus is another person that turns out not to be like what heseems. Scout and Jem think that he cant do anything, and are jealous ofother peoples parents because they do things like play in a town footballgame. Scout talks to Mrs. Maudie about it, and she tells him all thethings he can do. A little later in the book, Scout and Jem find out thatAtticus is the sharpest shooter in a all of Maycomb county. Scout feelsguilty about thinking that her father couldnt do anything. Then, near theend of the book, Scout realizes how good of a man her father is. She istold how he is the only man in Maycomb who will be a Christian when it isreally needed, because he is the one standing up for what is right when noone else will. Scout then knows how much more she loves her father thanshe would the fathers of her peers. .u8c876fe0ce70ad7d6ea8c93a8102d8b4 , .u8c876fe0ce70ad7d6ea8c93a8102d8b4 .postImageUrl , .u8c876fe0ce70ad7d6ea8c93a8102d8b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8c876fe0ce70ad7d6ea8c93a8102d8b4 , .u8c876fe0ce70ad7d6ea8c93a8102d8b4:hover , .u8c876fe0ce70ad7d6ea8c93a8102d8b4:visited , .u8c876fe0ce70ad7d6ea8c93a8102d8b4:active { border:0!important; } .u8c876fe0ce70ad7d6ea8c93a8102d8b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8c876fe0ce70ad7d6ea8c93a8102d8b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8c876fe0ce70ad7d6ea8c93a8102d8b4:active , .u8c876fe0ce70ad7d6ea8c93a8102d8b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8c876fe0ce70ad7d6ea8c93a8102d8b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8c876fe0ce70ad7d6ea8c93a8102d8b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8c876fe0ce70ad7d6ea8c93a8102d8b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8c876fe0ce70ad7d6ea8c93a8102d8b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8c876fe0ce70ad7d6ea8c93a8102d8b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8c876fe0ce70ad7d6ea8c93a8102d8b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8c876fe0ce70ad7d6ea8c93a8102d8b4 .u8c876fe0ce70ad7d6ea8c93a8102d8b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8c876fe0ce70ad7d6ea8c93a8102d8b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Buddhism And Taoism (2272 words) EssayThroughout the book, Scout and Jem judge a lot of people by what theylook like or act like when they first meet them. In the case of theirfather, they make assumptions about him based on years of living with him. A lot of the beliefs they have about these people turn out to be wrong. The way they look at those people change, not because the people havechanged at all, but because of some event that caused Jem and Scout to seewhat they are really like. In our everyday lives, this happens all thetime. People are judged because of their appearance or attitude, and theyare not really like that at all. If someone dresses in black and wearsspikes then other people look at them, think oh hes a goth and neverfind out any more about that person. If they only met the person, theymight like each other and become good friends. However, that cant happen,and its all because of someone being judged. If people didnt judge eachother, everyone would be happier and would have more friends.